LK1 Sedimentation > LK1 Sedimentation
COMPARING CREATIONIST FLOOD MODELS
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YOUNGER DRYAS
_C14 YD) Calibrating carbon dating
https://creation.com/calibrating-carbon-dating
...Taylor, F. W., 1993, A large drop in atmospheric 14-C/12-C and reduced melting in the ____Younger Dryas*, documented with 230-Th ages in ...
_NIAGARA FLOOD) Climate change, Niagara and catastrophe
https://creation.com/climate-change-niagara-and-catastrophe
...At some point during the ____Younger Dryas episode of the Holocene, it breached the natural dam that made its eastern border and catastrophically drained ...
_LAKE AGASSIZ FLOOD) Two more megafloods
https://creation.com/two-more-megafloods
...Did the megaflood down the Mackenzie River cause the ____Younger Dryas? The megaflood into the Arctic Ocean from glacial Lake Agassiz (figure 2) is claimed to ...
_NORTH SEA FLOOD) North Sea Megaflood
https://creation.com/north-sea-megaflood
...and that is exactly what the ____Younger Dryas episode13,18 at the end of the Ice Age was, seemingly on a global scale.19 Another consequence was the rapid ...
_GLACIAL FLOODS) Ice cores vs the Flood
https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j18_2/j18_2_58-61.pdf
...by dating such events as the ____Younger Dryas and the stage. 5e interglacial in the broad-scale oxygen isotope ratios in ice cores. Then glacial flow models are ...
_GLACIAL MELTING) Where was Eden? part 2: geological considerations—examining pre ...
https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j30_3/j30_3_123-127.pdf
...glacial melting rates on the ____Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation,. Nature 342:637–642, 1989; note: the present authors assume the data in this.
_MELTWATER) Eolian erosion expose
https://creation.com/eolian-erosion-expose
...Broecker, W.S. et al., Routing of meltwater from Laurentide Ice Sheet during the ____Younger Dryas cold episode, Nature 341:318–321, 28 Sept. 1989.
_DEGLACIATION) Rapid Changes in Oxygen Isotope Content of Ice http://static.icr.org/i/pdf/technical/Rapid-Changes-in-Oxygen-Isotope-Content-of-Ice-Cores-.pdf
...The ____Younger Dryas Event is a climate reversal preceded and followed by abrupt warming during the deglaciation period about 11,000.
_DEGLACIATION) Rapid Surging of Glacial Ice Lobes https://www.icr.org/articles/print/4281
...A major event during the deglaciation of the ice sheets called the ____Younger Dryas is now thought to have occurred in as little as a few decades. So, fewer and ...
_EARLY EGYPT) From the Flood to the Exodus: Egypt's Earliest Settlers
https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j09_1/j09_1_45-68.pdf
...States, the Livingstone Lake Event, the ____Younger Dryas Event, the formation of the English Channel. Derek Ager cites many examples from earlier periods. 5.
_COLD & WARM PERIODS) Wild ice-core interpretations by uniformitarian scientists
https://creation.com/wild-ice-core-interpretations-by-uniformitarian-scientists
...Within the uniformitarian interpretation, Holocene represents the last 10,000 years or so, YD is the ____Younger Dryas cold period, A/B is the Allerod/Bolling warm ... ...One of these points is the ____Younger Dryas (YD) fluctuation, shown in Figure 1. The second point is stage 5d in deep sea cores. Keigwin et al. state: 'The ice-core ...
_COOLING) Climate change & terrorism: a new political agenda?
https://creation.com/climate-change-terrorism-a-new-political-agenda
...beginning of the Holocene have significantly influenced it and triggered dramatic cooling during the episode known as the ____Younger Dryas.
_COOLING) Rapid changes in oxygen isotope content of ice cores
https://creation.com/rapid-changes-in-oxygen-isotope-content-of-ice-cores
...The ____Younger Dryas Event is a climate reversal preceded and followed by abrupt ... Alley et al.38, 39 have reported that portions of the ____Younger Dryas Event ...
_COOLING) The Desert's Past: A Natural Prehistory of the Great Basin
https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j09_2/j09_2_160-161.pdf
...Origins, 19(2):87–90. The details of this chronology have varied over the years. The book now claims that the ____Younger Dryas cold phase about 11,000 years ago ...
_COOLING) The Age of the Earth
https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j09_2/j09_2_157-160.pdf
...claims that the ____Younger Dryas cold phase about 11,000 years ago in geological time ... attention to the ____Younger Dryas event, this claim provides evidence that.
_COOLING) The CLIMATE Project https://www.icr.org/research/climate/
...Stephen Goodenow published an ICRGS master's thesis in 2004 on the ____Younger Dryas.9 The ____Younger Dryas is an intense but short-period reversal in the ...
_FREEZE) What Caused the Extinction of Ice Age Animals? https://www.icr.org/article/what-caused-extinction-ice-age-animals
...Scott and his colleagues looked in layers that were deposited during a time called the ____Younger Dryas, also referred to as the last "Big Freeze.
_GLACIATION) Ice Age Glaciers at Yosemite National Park https://www.icr.org/article/ice-age-glaciers-at-yosemite-national-park
...explain fluctuations in glacial coverage in Yosemite, like those of the ____Younger Dryas event on the east coast of the United States and Europe.
_GLACIATION) Out of Whose Womb Came the Ice? https://www.icr.org/article/out-whose-womb-came-ice
..."Abrupt Increase in Greenland Snow Accumulation at the End of the ____Younger Dryas Event," Nature, 362, 527-529. [2] Dansgaard, W., S.J. Johnsen, H.B. Clausen ...
_FREEZE) The Greenhouse Warming Hype of The Movie The Day After https://www.icr.org/article/greenhouse-warming-hype-movie-day-after-tomorrow
...The end ice age cold spike is called the ____Younger Dryas. These rapid changes are believed to represent abrupt changes that take place within a few decades or ...
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SHOCK DYNAMICS DISCUSSION
____LK: Subject: Flood Geology May 23, 2021, 11:03 PM
_[WEST SED<EAST] Michael Oard article: Long-distance transport of sediments https://creation.com/long-distance-transport-of-sediments
_"All this sediment in western North America transported from eastern North America does imply a large mountain uplift in the east" according to zircon dating.
_Another article showed that the water flow velocity for the Coconino sandstone was only 2 to 4 miles per hour.
____mike newgeology.us May 24, 2021, 9:23 PM
.[ZIRCON] I don't regard zircon crystals as useful except as chemical ID markers, which they could be in this case.
____LK: May 27, 2021, 12:39 PM
_[SD VS FLOOD] My first concern is whether the SD event occurred during or after the Great Flood.
_I like John Baumgardner's model - [he said] continental drift occurred rapidly, but during the Flood
_[CHICXULUB] in your Presentation 30: When Did It Happen?, you say the Chicxulub impact occurred after the land had dried out. your North America page give evidence that Chicxulub was oriented east/west initially, but was reoriented by the SD event north/south
____mike newgeology.us May 28, 2021, 5:18 PM
.[PELEG] I use the Septuagint text for the timing of Peleg (Gen 10:25) to make it 531 years.
.[FLOOD BOUNDARY] But more important is the fossil record. Below the top of Cretaceous strata are all the dinosaurs, and above it are all the mammalian megafauna.
.Cenozoic strata were deposited during the SD event, and all strata below that by the Flood.
.[DEEP SED HEAT,WATER] Subterranean rocks hold heat and moisture for a long time. The saturated Flood strata would not have dried out by the time of the SD event, but compression folding would wring them out like a sponge.
.Catastrophic Plate Tectonics - a catastrophic geology theory - youtube.com/watch?v=L9KBgemExg0
____LK: May 28, 2021, 8:49 PM
_[WEST SED<SE?] LK2b: If the SDE was centuries later, then the waters had to come from the SE of Pangaea.
_[RADIOACTIVITY] LK2c: I like Walter Brown's ideas on radioactive elements - I would say the radioactive elements formed during SD
____mike newgeology.us May 29, 2021, 5:08 PM
.[DEEP SED HEAT,WATER] Water resides in sandstone aquifers, and deep drilling encounters increased heat with depth. Folded rock strata were clearly under high lateral pressure. I meant that the folded strata were wrung dry. Other sedimentary strata, uplifted or not, would dry out slowly over the centuries from the top down.
.[CANYON <ICE MELT] If the Grand Canyon is a post-ice age runoff phenomenon, and the ice age occurred following the SDE, that would put its formation in the years after the SDE.
.[RADIOACTIVITY] No, I think that conventional science has it right about the formation of all elements in the Earth. Every melting of Earth material refines the separation of the elements. Two big melts occurred, first with Earth's accretion, then the giant impact that formed the Moon. Thus, many elements are concentrated in the crust that are diluted in the upper mantle.
.[MOON CRATERS ORIGIN] I agree that one of two Moon crater populations corresponds to the Flood, but orbital mechanics precludes space debris from measurably altering the orbit of Earth or the Moon; way too much mass is involved.
.[BASIN SEDS] _LK: On the map at this link https://igppweb.ucsd.edu/~gabi/sediment.html#why it shows most of the sediment to be in basins and esp. in the Arctic Ocean. Why would tidal waves not do that? MF: I think tidal waves did do that during the SDE.
.[SED ORIGIN] from Flood deposits.
____LK: May 30, 2021, 11:02 AM
_SUMMARY OF NEWGEOLOGY TIMELINE from "When did it happen?" page
1. PREFLOOD
- Dinosaurs @ Pangaea; Man & Mammals @ E.Antarctica;
- Sediments formed @ Pangaea's perimeter;
- Pangaea was a lowland supercontinent
2. FLOOD
- Meteorites hit Earth & Moon, removed atmosphere, caused rain, made craters & flood basalts
- Flood washed sediments with degassed lime ashore & buried marine creatures in Paleozoic strata, then dinosaurs in Mesozoic strata
3a. POSTFLOOD FAUNA
- Mammals & humans spread from E.Antarctica to Pangaea & became populous
3b. POSTFLOOD IMPACT
- Chicxulub crater formed from an impact after the Flood which spread iridium-laden impact dust worldwide
4. PANGAEA BREAKUP
- Asteroid impact north of Madagascar split up Pangaea;
- continents spread apart via rapid continental drift;
- impulse & brake mountain ranges formed;
- global volcanism ensued;
- floods buried mammals in Cenozoic strata;
- Nile River rerouted;
- Canada & Siberia moved northward, causing wind storms that killed many large mammals in dust ((& rock ice, but not by flood?))
5. POST-BREAKUP
- Civilization began in Egypt ((& Sumeria))
- Hot Atlantic & Indian Ocean seafloors, volcanism & India flood basalts ((& meteoric dust)) caused glaciation (Ice Age) at higher latitudes & altitudes
_YOUNGER DRYAS EVENT - Do you think the Younger Dryas impact/s would have been the cause of the ice sheet melting?
____mike newgeology.us May 31, 2021, 11:01 PM
.[SUMMARY] Your summary of my view is about right.
.FLOOD - both the rain and fountains ceased at the same time, according to Genesis, so they were likely linked.
.[STRATA] - I consider the megasequences to be sediment-laden surges carried by periodic offshore waves generated by rising waters; one wave, one megasequence.
.ORBITING BODY - [[I just realized the Cardona said the Moon didn't arrive till the Saturn System was breaking up. If the breakup was during the YD event, then there would have been no Moon during the Great Flood.]]
.YOUNGER DRYAS EVENT
____mike newgeology.us Wed, Jun 2, 5:35 PM
.[STRATA] - the meteorites did not cause tidal waves by impact. The rising global water level encroached on Pangaea in waves as long as the rain continued to fall.
.GRAND CANYON - LK: do you figure the sediment was wet or dry when the canyon formed? MF: Probably between wet and dry.
MF: There is evidence that the YD impact(s) brought firestorms. The heat could have been a factor in ice sheet melting. However, I agree with ICR leaders that it was a dam breach that led to cutting the Grand Canyon. Melt water built up behind a berm, and it was released in a torrent when the berm failed.
____LK: Thu, Jun 3, 11:50 AM
_[SATURN THEORY] - Ancient myths and possibly some detritus (iridium etc) on Earth seem to support the idea that the Younger Dryas heat wave and conflagration was caused by a nova flareup on Saturn which was close to Earth at that time above the North Pole. Along with the nova came meteor showers etc. Any comments?
____mike newgeology.us Jun 3, 2021, 5:04 PM
.[PANGAEA] - continental crust was formed as refined mantle melt rock that eroded to sediment over a very long time. That is what was carried and sorted by the tidal waves, as the work of Guy Berthault demonstrates.
.[GRAND CANYON DATE] - Walt Brown has it about right. The Grand Canyon is clearly post-Flood.
.[SATURN THEORY] Novas are collapsed stars that explode. How could that involve Saturn?
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NO MOON
<COMPARISON> Ascertaining the Year of the Capture (Moons, Myths and Man) [Books]
... of a planet into a satellite is one of the most overwhelming that may conceivably happen, the determination of the year in which both the Egyptian and the Assyrian cycles coincide must furnish us with a most important indication regarding the capture of our Moon. The Palaeo-Assyrians could not possibly have calculated by months at a time when there was ____no Moon. When the unheard-of thing happened, they must have abandoned whatever system they had in use and taken the convenient Moon as their new measure. On the other hand, the Palaeo-Egyptians, there being now two heavenly bodies to calculate time from, must have reconsidered their calendar and started a new era. We know from history that
<AFTER FLOOD> Before the Flood, There Was No Moon [Journals] [SIS Internet Digest]
... From: SIS Internet Digest 2002:2 (Dec 2002) Home | Issue Contents Before the Flood, There Was ____No Moon english.pravda.ru/main/2002/10/10/38008.html 15:43 10 Oct 2002 [. .] As it turns out, a lot of myths, legends, and tales say that there used to be ____no Moon in the sky. The Moon appeared after the Great Flood. This was noticed by the people who lived in the south of Greece, as well as by African tribes and others. However, there were a lot of ebb and flow traces found in many ancient cities. As is
<MYTHS> The Age of Purple Darkness [Journals] [Aeon]
... version of the ancient Egyptian creation myth, as reconstructed by Dr. Brugsch, wherein: "Nothing existed except a boundless primeval mass of water which was shrouded in darkness," [2 ] and, for another example, a North American Indian creation myth wherein it is told that: "In the beginning there was no sun, ____no moon, no stars. All was dark and everywhere was only water." [3 ] Light Appears on the Waters One tradition of the creation hymn preserved in the Rigveda of ancient India relates that: "Darkness there was at first by darkness hidden; without distinctive marks, this all was water." [4 ] In
<BIBLE> IN THE BEGINNING [Books]
... The years' of the mythological parts of the Book of Genesis are meant to be shorter periods. Twelfths' would reduce the fantastic ages to the neighbourhood of a reasonable human span, in the sense of Psalm xc. 10. Noah would thus be about fifty at that time. These twelfths' would be solar' ones - there having been ____no Moon' at that time - comparable to our own subdivisions of the year which, for some unclear reason, we call months'. (Cf. also chapter x of my book, Before the Flood, for references to a former, definitely non-lunar, duodecimal division of the solar year.) Note 38 - The number of the rivers
<BIBLE> Review, Notes and Letters [Journals] [Pensee]
... to rule the night: (he made) the stars also." Most Bible-interpreters deem it obvious that the lesser light must be the moon; however, the words "he made the stars also" could very well be rendered this way: "namely the stars." Then with the lesser light the stars are meant, and ____no moon is mentioned. There is good reason to read it this way, because of verse 14. Here we read: "And God said: let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years
<BIBLE> Saturn And Genesis [Journals] [Kronos]
... Moon in historical times (see Pensee, Winter 1973, p. 25). Specifically, De Jong refers to the passage "And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night" - reasoning that by "the lesser light the .stars are meant, and ____no moon is mentioned." Now, as it happens, the planet Saturn was designated as Shamash or "sun" by the Assyro-Babylonian astrologers; and as far back as 1910 M. Jastrow (Revue d'Assyriologie, Vol. 70, p. 171) proposed "the idea that Saturn was a steady' or permanent' mock-sun -
<POST-VELIK> The Lesser Light [Journals] [Catastrophism & Ancient History]
... , was this body the Lesser Light of Genesis? We might reasonably infer that it was if we can find some assurance that it and the moon did not coexist in earth's sky. A Moonless Night In May 1973 Velikovsky published a short article citing several alleged references (including biblical) to an ancient era in man's memory when there was ____no moon. In summary, he states "The traditions of diverse people offer corroborative testimony to the effect that in a very early age, but still in the memory of mankind, ____no moon accompanied the earth. Since human beings already peopled the earth, it is improbable that the moon sprang from it; there must have existed a
<POST-VELIK> On the Circularization of the Orbit of Venus [Journals] [Kronos]
... Moon may also be a captured body - no really satisfactory theory has been found for the existence of a satellite to the Earth, the difficulty with the capture theory being the circularization problem. The extra difficulty which meets the catastrophist is that the time scale is so short. Some of the oldest traditions refer to a time when there was ____no Moon.(3 ) This indicates that the Moon was captured comparatively recently. Furthermore, Velikovsky has suggested that the Earth was once a satellite of Saturn. This seems to be the only way to explain certain parts of the oldest myths, but it leaves us with another circularization problem: how did the Earth get its circular orbit
<VELIKOVSKY> The Origin Of The Moon [Journals] [Velikovskian]
... "The Arcadians are said to have possessed their land before the birth of Jove, and that folk is older than the Moon." Lucian, in his...Astrology, says that the Arcadians "affirm in their folly that they are older than the Moon." Censorinus alludes to the time in the past when there was ____no Moon in the sky. The Assyrians referred to the time of the Moon god as the oldest period in the memory of the people: before other planetary gods came to dominate the world ages, the Moon was the Supreme Deity. Such references are found in the inscriptions of Sargon II (about-720): "Since the far-off days
<VELIKOVSKY> Earth without a Moon [Journals] [Pensee]
... are said to have possessed their land before the birth of Jove, and that folk is older than the Moon (4 ). " Lucian in his book on Astrology says that the Arcadians "affirm in their folly that they are older than the moon (5 ). " Censorinus alludes to the time in the past when there was ____no moon in the sky (6 ). The Assyrians referred to the time of the Moon god as to the oldest period in the memory of the people: before other planetary gods came to dominate the world ages, the Moon was the Supreme Deity (7 ). Such references are found in the inscriptions of Sargon I I (
<Hoerbiger> (The Atlantis Myth) [Books]
... gravitational stresses, caused these tremendous universal changes, whose evident suddenness and comparative recency are explained. Internal terrestrial forces can only work `locally' they can merely even out such stresses from without as cannot be easily borne .46 The Greek philosopher, Anaxagoras, taught, as early as the fifth century BC, that the Earth had originally ____no Moon, and the myths of the world contain a few traditions of a pre-lunar age and numerous reports of the capture of our present satellite. Our Moon certainly behaves now as it should according to Hoerbiger's theory. Solar eclipses take place slightly earlier now if compared with those of, say, only a century ago. This is sometimes
<Hoerbiger> Prelunar Culture (The Atlantis Myth) [Books]
... '. (A colonial origin of Minoan Crete has never been seriously considered) The undiscovered original settlements of the Minoans, where they rose from primitivism, were evidently situated at the submerged `foot' of the island of Crete, perhaps only a relatively small distance from Cnossus. When these settlements flourished, at the time when there was ____no Moon yet in the heavens and the Mediterranean was not yet formed, Crete was a much bigger island. When the waters of the capture tide rushed in through the Straits of Gibraltar, and later also through the defile of the Hellespont, and the basins of the Ionian and Levantine Seas filled up, and the waters from east and
<CARDONA> THOTH - A Catastrophics Newsletter
VOL III, No. 17 - Dec 15, 1999
https://www.saturniancosmology.org/files/thoth/thoth.1999.17.txt
THE AGE OF DARKNESS
My version of the Saturnian scenario posits that man's earliest memory of the sky above him was one in which the planet Saturn was the only visible celestial body which was seen looming large in the sky in an all-pervading darkness -- an endless night. One of the most persistent of beliefs among the civilizations of the ancient nations ... is that during a time usually remembered as 'the beginning' Earth had been engulfed in darkness. Time and again ... we are told that 'in the beginning' there was no Sun, ____no Moon, no stars.
<CARDONA> The Demands of the Saturnian Configuration Theory [Journals] [SIS Review]
... celestial body, looming large in an all-pervading darkness - an endless night. One of the most persistent beliefs among the civilisations of ancient nations and also primitive' societies is that during a time remembered as the beginning', Earth was engulfed in darkness. Time and again we are told that in the beginning' there was no Sun, ____no Moon, no stars. The planetary god of beginnings, we are told ad nauseam, ruled alone and in darkness. Whether we turn to the pages of Genesis or to the ancient Egyptian myths of creation, the message is always the same; whether we seek the first appearance of the Hebrew Elohim or the Egyptian Atum, it
<CARDONA> Darkness and the Deep [Journals] [Aeon]
... , hardly a North American Indian tribe that does not have a creation myth in which the primeval ocean and/or prolonged darkness was said to have existed before the demiurge commenced on his work of creation. (105) Over and again we hear that there was darkness- or a prolonged night- in which there was no sun, ____no moon, no stars. In the telling, of course, many of these myths acquired a fanciful cast and framework that borders on childish fable. But that, after all, is the nature of allegory and myth. Traveling further south to Central America, we come across a Cholula legend which states that, "In the beginning
NO MOON VISIBLE
The Argive Tyrants, Part 2 Mars Ch.1 (Worlds in Collision) [Velikovsky] [Velikovsky Worlds in Collision]
... world destruction experienced by those who lived at the time of Atreus and Thyestes, the tyrants of the Argivc plain. The hearts of men were oppressed with terror at the sight of the untimely sunset. "The shadows arise, though the night is not yet ready. No stars come out; the heavens gleam not with any fires: ____no moon dispels the darkness' heavy pall. . . . Trembling, trembling are our hearts, sore smit with fear, lest all things fall shattered in fatal ruin and once more gods and men be overwhelmed by formless chaos; lest the lands, the encircling sea, and the stars that wander in the spangled sky, nature blot
Part III: The Legends [Ragnarok] [Books]
... people climbed up, from the cave in which they were hidden, to the surface of the earth, the dense clouds rested on the face of the earth. "Machito, one of their gods, raised the firmament on his shoulders to where it is now seen. Still the world was dark, as there was no sun, ____no moon, and no stars. So the people murmured because of the darkness and the cold. Machito said, Bring me seven maidens'; and they brought him seven maidens; and he said, Bring me seven baskets of cotton-bolls'; and they brought him seven baskets of cotton-bolls; and he taught the seven maidens to weave
Some Implications of Saunders' Lunar Hypothesis [Journals] [SIS Review]
... the Sun must involve an implicit acceptance of anomalous behaviour of the Moon also: moreover, the account in Joshua is explicit on this matter. Articles by Velikovsky [6 ] and Paterson [7 ] cite ancient stories handed down to later recorders to the effect that in a very early age, but still in the memory of mankind, ____no Moon accompanied the Earth'. Taken literally, these tales would show that Earth did not acquire its Moon till some time after it was peopled by humans. It is, however, just possible that they relate to a time when many peoples saw that the Moon had disappeared from the heavens for many days, although the skies were
Uniformitarian Or Catastrophist? Ice Age Theory [Journals] [Velikovskian]
... . The heat has carried up perhaps one fourth of all the water of the world into the air. Now it is condensed into clouds. We know how an ordinary storm darkens the heavens. In this case, it is dark night. A pall of dense cloud, many miles in thickness, enfolds the earth. No sun, ____no moon, no stars, can be seen.... The overloaded atmosphere begins to discharge itself. The great work of restoring the waters of the ocean begins. It grows colder-colder-colder. The pouring rain turns into snow and settles on all the uplands and north countries; snow falls on snow; gigantic snow-beds are formed, which
Part II: The Comet [Ragnarok] [Books]
... world. The heat has carried up perhaps one fourth of all the water of the world into the air. Now it is condensed into cloud. We know how an ordinary storm darkens the heavens. In this case it is black night. A pall of dense cloud, many miles in thickness, enfolds the earth. No sun, ____no moon, no stars, can be seen. "Darkness is on the face of the deep." Day has ceased to be. Men stumble against each other. All this we shall find depicted in the legends. The overloaded atmosphere begins to discharge itself. The great work of restoring the waters of the ocean to the ocean
Changes in the Times and the Seasons, Part 1 Venus Ch.5 (Worlds in Collision) [Velikovsky] [Velikovsky Worlds in Collision]
... of the world also retain memories of this change in the movement of the heavenly bodies, the seasons, the flow of time, during a period when darkness enveloped the world. As an example I quote the tradition of the Oraibi in Arizona. They say that the firmament hung low and the world was dark, and no sun, ____no moon, nor stars were seen. "The people murmured because of the darkness and the cold." Then the planet god Machito "appointed times, and seasons, and ways for the heavenly bodies."(8 ) Among the Incas the "guiding power in regulating the seasons and the courses of the heavenly bodies" was
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