FUNDAY

PREDYNASTIC
(Still searching for clues of when the Saturn Configuration broke up and the planets departed.)

>>Forum [Journals] [SIS Review]
... However dendrochronology has revealed a series of frost signatures that dovetail nicely into the conventional lines of cultural division. The dates are different but the divisions perfectly match the Early, Middle and Late Bronze eras, which in turn correspond to and accurately mirror the rise and fall of dynasties in the ancient world. In Egypt the boundaries of the ____Predynastic, Old, Middle and New Kingdoms slide into place quite remarkably. In China the Hsia, Shang, Chou and Han dynasties slot in just as remarkably and the same is true of Assyria and Babylonia. The Uruk phase corresponds to the Pre Dynastic, ending in a terrible upheaval, followed by the Early Dynastic period, Akkad, Amorite and Kassite periods. Frost signatures are caused by dust veils and Chinese records suggest heavy meteoric fluxes as the cause (though volcanic origin is not out of the question). Frost signature episodes coincide with cultural Intermediates and were followed by famine, plague and tribal and refugee intrusions. Periodic episodes of chaos in the natural world and an obsession with fertility and food resources are a constant feature of religio-myth around the world. This connection has already been made by Baillie [13] and James, a former Glasgow chronologist [14]. The evidence points to a series of natural disasters, not necessarily catastrophic but certainly disruptive in nature, which appear to have had a global dimension. Why has the New Chronology been sanitised, wiped clean of catastrophes? Upheavals of nature can be located fairly easily in the archaeological record, yet SIS articles consistently fail to recognise this. The end of Early Chalcolithic (late 5th millenium BC), end of Late Chalcolithic (late 4th millenium BC), end of EB II, EB III, and EBIV-MBI (in the 3rd millenium BC) in the Near East, are part of a cycle that persisted. The end of MBIIA corresponds with the collapse of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt and lesser events could account for MBIIB-C anomalies, LBI, LBIIA (Amarna) and at least two very marked incidents at the end of LBIIB, separated in Greece, Cyprus and at Troy by about a single generation [15]. In Egyptian terms this would roughly date from the late reign of Ramesses II through to the end of dynasty XIX shortly before the reign of Ramesses III. Baillie (op. cit.) has noted an anomaly in 1159 - 1130 BC. In Biblical chronology the story of Ruth, set during a terrible famine about four generations before David, would perhaps coincide with the famine and low Nile levels of the late reign of Ramesses III, which persisted into the reigns of his successors and mark a dramatic shift in global climate that was possibly created by ozone depletion [16]. To say there is no evidence of natural disaster at the end of the LB age is to ignore obvious facts. Anatolian and Canaanite cities were burnt, wholly or partially, by devastating fires and hordes of refugees were set in motion. These events are pictured graphically by Ramesses III at Medinet Habu. He allowed refugees to settle in what became known as Philistia, where they came into conflict with peoples of the hill country. So much dust and debris accumulated in the atmosphere that the northern hemisphere climate changed. A very wet period was followed by a long arid phase. Pastoral tribes migrated in search of pastures when their marginal lands became dry and bare. A feature of mid to late Dynasty XX was the encroachment on the Delta and Nile valley by tribesmen from Libya and bedouin from the eastern Highlands. Large tracts of lower Nubia were abandoned and upper Nubia developed in isolation, emerging from the African interior as the climate changed in the 9th and 8th centuries BC and forming Dynasty XXV. In Syria-Palestine and the mid Euphrates valley system the pastoral tribes took the generic name of the Arameans. They overwhelmed the Assyrian empire and the former Mitanni heartland on the Habur river and its tributaries and threatened to spill into Cisjordan. They were the bane of Saul and David and the Bible, I suggest, preserves a tradition that belongs to a single specific period of history: early Iron Age. This is defined by Dynasty XX on one hand and the reigns of Tiglath Pileser I and Ashur bel Kala on the other. It is reasonable to suppose that Judah was colonised from the northern Negev at the same time and eventually these pastoral tribes adopted agriculture. In the northern kingdom, farmers from lowland zones like Jezreel colonised the hill country because of

>>The Bedrock of Myth [Articles]
... The Bedrock of Myth [Articles]
... [ CD-Rom Home ] THE BEDROCK OF MYTH by Roger Ashton Tracing the Origin of Myth The Nonexistent Sunlike Saturn Perceived Form and the Passage of Time An Alternative Conjecture The Sequence of Manifestations The Forms of the Polar Apparition Sungir and the Nasatyas The Triple Crescent and the Neanderthals Three Tests
_1. Tracing the Origin of Myth If the metaphors of myth and the symbols and emblems derived therefrom can be traced retrospectively to the elements of a primeval visual design from which all of them could evidently and separately evolve, then that primeval visual design is the bedrock of myth. It is not necessary to presume that this origin has a unity in time. The design need consist only of the very simplest set of parts from which the metaphors may readily be obtained. Identification of gods with planets plants obstructively false clues along the trail of retrospective tracing. One of the absurdities to which these false clues can lead is the north celestial polar Saturn. The latter is thoroughly weighed and found thoroughly wanting in the
... the brief period of the Allerod Interstadial began, about 12,000 years ago. A brief period of greatly lowered solar radiation then supervened, and the glaciers grew and spread again in far western Europe and in the Pacific Northwest of America, and the Polar Apparition may have reappeared for some more centuries. After this, solar activity again increased, the climate warmed, and the Apparition vanished yet again, about 10,000 years ago. Some 2,000 years later, at about 6,000 B.C ., the people of Çatal Hüyük still recalled the concentricity of the 7 crescents. They had forgotten the concentricity of the crescent in the preceding triple crescent phase. On a wall in a shrine at the site, three pairs of cow's horns are put separately side by side, some distance apart, instead of being on a raised base in a row, whereby their concentricity would have been evident from a frontal viewpoint, as with the earlier cited set of seven. Some centuries later, possibly from about 5,500 B.C. to about 4,500 B.C., in the later phase of the Climatic Optimum, the solar activity, slightly greater than at present, frequently or at least intermittently reached that next point in the series of intensities, whereat the auroroid hologram, the image, the Polar Apparition, was once again made visible. This was Jupiter, the god, presiding over an age of agriculture which was at this time already ancient and in a state of problematically increasing development. At about 3,500 B.C., the image had been absent for as long as 1,000 years. Some ____predynastic paintings of the Gorzean period of Ancient Egypt include an emblem consisting of a composite wheel on the outside of which are radially mounted five animals of the sheep or goat variety. This is a markedly corrupted depiction of the image in that windmill phase to be discussed shortly. The Sun's activity had lessened, and the climate had cooled a little, although it was still warmer than today's. Until now, apparently, solar acctivity has neither risen nor fallen so high or so low as to activate the hologram at all. It is worth noting that in the sequence of successive phases of the existence and the nonexistence of the Polar Apparition, as set forth

>>Evolution from Space [Articles]
... that's what I understand mythology to be principally related to - they can be described as a literary genre. But we attempt to identify these so-called mythical or literary genres as actual historical events. We are not certain, most of us don't have an actual certainty as to when they occurred, we try to establish whether they were actual historical events, we would be delighted just to prove that, let alone try to set them in a particular chronological order, and find out exactly when they happened in history. Q1: I have no doubt that there were periods in which there was chaos, elements of mythology appear in the pyramid texts and the Book of the Dead with far greater frequency than they appear in other texts. Things like this description in Anastasi IV very probably refer to events during what we call the historical period in Egypt, whereas the mythological events related in the Book of the Dead and the trip through the Underworld and so forth, those are a completely different area that may date to ____predynastic time.
_Michael Reade: I started this question - I was advised that even if the thing was produced at the time of Seti II, not to rely on the fact that these events actually happened at that time, and I agree with that advice 100%, except that there happen to be about six or seven lines running entirely parallel of different things and they are all pointing to the same date round about then, this is just one little branch.
_Peter Warlow: Isn't there another possibility, if there is a very old tradition of real events that are catastrophic, if there was a lesser catastrophe, that the ideas from the earlier catastrophe would be remembered and perhaps repeated. For instance, when the Bible says, the Lord turned the Earth upside down, it is merely referring to a catastrophic event that happened much earlier on, but the fact that it is said suggests that there was something happening at that time.
_Michael

Plato's Atlantis and Prehistoric Europe [Articles]
... dates for the Megalithic civilisation, as it were, show that the Europeans were well into a Chalcolithic period of metal working before the dynastic period in Egypt began, and there were contacts with Egypt even at this early date. A certain kind of ivory comb exists only at Los Millares in Southern Spain, which is here, and in ____predynastic Egypt. Radio-carbon dates - these are calibrated - 3300, whether we calibrate them or not, they are still earlier than the Egyptian of roughly the same period. So, is it possible that the Egyptians were so impressed by the Neolithic peoples of Europe on whom they may have been ultimately dependent as a source of tin, that

Plato's Atlantis and Prehistoric Europe [Articles]
... to be consistent with what the Egyptians were trying to say, this knocking off the naught is really quite impossible. The whole point of the narrative that the Egyptians gave Solon was to impress upon him that they were talking about a period of extreme antiquity. In our terms, they are trying to explain that all this happened in the ____predynastic period, i.e. sometime, probably, in the fourth millennium. The idea that Atlantis was something to do with Minoan Crete makes complete nonsense of what the priests were talking about. Thera exploded some time during the XVIIIth dynasty, not before the first. Whatever dates you put on it, the relative chronology the priests

Robert Temple: The Crystal Sun [Journals] [SIS Internet Digest]
... Sun www.robert-temple.com/ Based upon 33 year of research all over the world, museums from Stockholm to Shanghai, from Athens to Cairo, and in thousands of books in several language Robert Temple has reconstructed a wholly forgotten story: the story of light technology in ancient civilisation. It goes back at least to 3300 BC in ____Predynastic Egypt, and continues throughout Western antiquity. A science of optics and a sophisticated technology for the manufacture of lenses was widespread and fundamental in ancient times. Now at last we can know how it was that the earliest Egyptian surveyed their pyramids and other structures with such uncanny precision; they used the equivalent of theodolites wan lenses, and

The Homeric Question [Journals] [SIS Review]
... radiocarbon and are grossly inflated, there is still a necessary time gap due to the intervening Early Bronze Age, confirmed by pottery links and sequences across the whole area. An idea, long since rejected, which may be relevant here is contained in Petrie's Formation of the Alphabet (London 1912). He observed that potters' marks from ____Predynastic Egypt (before hieroglyphs came into use) and from Dynastic Egypt often resembled letters of later alphabets and syllabaries and hence he speculated that there was some common and widely used system of marks from very ancient times. Some of the Old European'/ 'Linear A' signs are the same as the later alphabetic signs, which to

Catastrophism and the Compulsion to Meaning [Journals] [Kronos]
... to them. But it should be evident that in periods of celestial stability the catastrophic categories formed earlier will be given more purely terrestrial content, and that it is quite possible that the celestial origin of a given category should be completely forgotten, only to be activated again by renewed instability. Thus, for example, the oldest god of ____predynastic Egypt seems to have been worshipped as a hawk. The hawk was universally admired for the height to which it soared and the terrifying swiftness of its striking power. It is perfectly conceivable that it should be worshipped by a society of hunters, in some pre-agricultural phase, who wished to imitate these qualities. It is equally conceivable that.

The Opening Of The Mouth Ritual - Part I [Journals] [Aeon]
... Andrey Bolshakov. [10] As Aylward Blackman stated 74 years previously: "The rite of preparing the body for burial and that of Opening the Mouth are closely connected, both being based upon the [actions] of the sun-god." [11] And his contemporary, Wallis Budge, stated une-quivocally that Osiris was "in the ____predynastic period a star-god, or even a solar god." [12] Osiris, Iris and Horus "Osiris was the God-man through whose sufferings and death the Egyptian hoped that he might rise again in a glorified Spirit-body... In every funeral inscription known to us, from the Pyramid Texts down to the roughly-written prayers upon coffins

Notes and Queries [Journals] [SIS Review]
... From: SIS Chronology & Catastrophism Review 1996:2 (May 1997) Home | Issue Contents Notes and Queries Ancient Egyptian Stoneworking Techniques Q. On a visit to Glasgow, I visited the Burrell Collection - and there I saw some quite perplexing exhibits. They were vases dated to Egyptian ____predynastic times (earlier than 3000BC in conventional dating). They were beautifully round and smooth, each vase having a nicely formed lip around the top and two small handles, perfectly symmetrically placed, one on each side. If the vases had been pottery, formed from clay, the workmanship would have been impressive - but these had been cut from stone: gabbro, basalt, diorite

Suns and Planets in Neolithic Rock Art [Journals] [Aeon]
... the worship of the sun and various celestial bodies belongs to the oldest Egyptian religion is commonly acknowledged. Countless passages in the Pyramid Texts, for example, allude to the King's identification with the ancient sun-god and his intimate relationship to the morning star. (41) In Egypt the star appears amongst the earliest pictographs, being found already upon ____predynastic pottery. (42) Although both 8-pointed and 5-pointed stars are attested very early on, the 5-pointed star eventually came to predominate. Here it is relevant to note that the image of a star superimposed upon a disc also appears in Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, as an ideogram for the underworld (see Diagram 11). This sign may

The Cycle of 320 Days [Journals] [Aeon]
... in time and historical sequence. Pure luck has permitted the survival of existing clues to the length of the year as the Egyptians perceived or chose to reckon it. What is apparently the oldest clue to the Egyptian perception or reckoning of the year can be found on the Palermo Stone, a diorite block on which the neatly tabulated chronicles from ____predynastic times up to Dynasty 5 were cut. An English translation of the entirety of these tabulated chronicles is presented in James Henry Breasted's Ancient Records of Egypt. A photograph of the front, or recto, of the stone is included in Sir Alan Gardiner's Egypt of the Pharaohs. A Year of 320 Days Employing the actual arrangement or tabulation

Society News [Journals] [SIS Workshop]
... to the north in the Caucasus region. For those of us who had earlier in the year been on the Egyptian cruise, the wealth of illustrative material struck a reminiscent chord, and for those who had not visited Egypt it served as a pleasant lightning tour. David's case opened with the fact that all the evidence points to the earliest ____predynastic settlements being in the south, with a later conquest of the north. A consideration of the earliest monumental stone buildings, the Djoser step-pyramid and its associated complex, shows that the stone was worked into an enduring representation of contemporary buildings and their natural materials. Columns on the facade of the House of the North' used the papyrus

Ebla and Near East Chronology Part I [Journals] [Catastrophism & Ancient History]
... chronology as far as Ebla is related to Sumer and Akkad. We may even suspect the nature of the anomaly by reasoning he is forced to the conjecture that current dates for levels XVI-IX Alalakh must be lowered,[3 ] presumably to comply with the low dates he favors for MIIBI Ebla. Woolley places level XVI Alalakh in the Uruk ____predynastic period[4 ] and XIV in Jemdat Nasr, hence the timescale is considerable. If instead of tinkering too much with Woolley's Alalakh chronology we raise Matthiae's dates for MIIBI and associate in time the conflagration levels of Syria in general with those of Sumer and Akkad, in the manner of Schaeffer[5 ] a clearer picture of the

The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt [Journals] [SIS Internet Digest]
... to have won me a place in the hearts of those whose ideas have no support from me. I have long felt I should defend my book,and to that end I have labored for a year to bring forth a revised and updated version. This version has additional illustrations and supporting computer images of the precessionally changed sky over key ____predynastic settlements. This is for those interested in seeking a verifiable origin, or basis, for the Egyptian belief system, and is a serious and thoughtful investigation. Part One: the Story and the Celestial Dome. 1. Beginnings 2. A Necessary Foundation 3. The Inheritor of the Throne 4. A Necessary Foundation: Da Capo

The Genie Of The Pivot [Journals] [Kronos]
... upon a quantitative bias in mythical material which supports the reconstruction. This context is, in turn, part of the greater context of objective terrestrial and human history. What archaeology reveals to have been omitted from the transmitted record of human affairs is of the utmost significance. 1. The Missing Millennia The Egyptians kept records of their kings from ____predynastic times onwards. Through the millennia, there was a continuous loss of historical documentation. Monuments and papyri were lost or destroyed. The Palermo Stone of Dynasty V recalled nothing about the ____predynastic kings except their names.(1 ) Egyptian history of any substance thus begins hardly earlier than 3000 B.C. In Iraq, history of

The Genesis of Israel and Egypt [Journals] [SIS Review]
... and was to become a central religious duty. In Moses' time, the instrument used to perform the operation was a flint knife - suggestive of the custom's remote antiquity (Exodus 4:12). Now recall that circumcision was one of the most ancient customs of Egypt, assumed to have been introduced either at the end of the ____predynastic, or near the beginning of the dynastic period. Circumcision seems to have constituted a type of propitiatory sacrifice and we know from Diodorus Siculus that Menes taught the people to worship gods and offer sacrifices' (Diodorus i, 45,1 ). The name Menes (Mena) reminds us of the phallic god Min who was one

Velikovsky's Sources Volume Three [Books]
... ', which left their imprint forever after, on the civilisation of later centuries, preceded a united Egypt, which emerged upon our historic horizon at the consolidation of the two kingdoms into one nation under Menes about 3400 BC. His accession marks the beginning of the dynasties, and the preceding, earliest period may be conveniently designated as the ____predynastic age. In the excavations of the last ten years, the ____predynastic civilisation has been gradually revealed in material documents exhibiting the various stages in the slow evolution which at last produced the dynastic culture." Breasted's footnote (* ) refers to his own "Ancient Records of Egypt"(19O6) vol.1 , paragraphs 44-5.

Chapter 2 The Sphinx [Journals] [Velikovskian]
... "Here, at Sakkara, for all to see, was a reproduction in stone of the mud-brick and timber buildings in which the Pharaohs had lived in the Archaic or Early Dynastic period, and doubtless they incorporated Charles Ginenthal, Pillars of the Past 79 [wooden and mud-brick] features which had been in use in ____predynastic times."60 [Author's emphasis] Related to this is that at the time of even the Third Dynasty, and earlier, Egypt was supposed to be a desert. J.E. Manclip White discusses the problem of wood for buildings in ____predynastic and early Egyptian history: "The Egyptian woodworker must have acquired a marvelous dexterity

Enheduanna and the Goddess Inanna [Journals] [SIS Review]
... A key text will be identified [8 ]. The Sumerian hymn Nin-me-sar-ra', because of the peculiarities of its content, authorship and style will serve to illuminate the several related literary works of the era. But before this literature can be discussed we must understand the historical setting. Sumer in the 3rd Millennium BC c.2500 BC ____Predynastic Period c.2200 BC Akkadian Dynasty Guti c.2000 BC Ur III Dynasty The Akkadian Dynasty The dynasty of Akkad was founded by Sargon the Great. Before his time, ancient Sumer had been a loose confederation of city states vying with one another for supremacy. A Semite in a land ruled by native Sumerian dynasts and the son

Sothis and the Morning Star in the Pyramid Texts [Journals] [Aeon]
... Egyptian religion, but - because of the heavy reliance upon astronomically-oriented methods of retrocalculating history (via the Sothic cycle) - of an adequate foundation for ancient chronology as well. (2 ) On Spd.t And Sirius The Pyramid Texts are thought to have been compiled in the third millennium BCE, although many of the passages may reflect ____predynastic beliefs. (3 ) Composed by various scribes throughout the centuries and renowned for numerous conundrums and internal inconsistencies, these texts are not without their difficulties for the researcher of comparative mythology. Such problems notwithstanding, the Pyramid Texts represent the oldest body of literature dealing with the various celestial bodies and, as such, they constitute a vital

Recent Developments In Near Eastern Archaeology. C&C Review 2002:1 [Journals] [SIS Review]
... for EB. Earlier still, they note that the Chalcolithic period has been dated by radiocarbon about a thousand years earlier than was once orthodoxy. Their final para on p. 1331 says: In conclusion, the collective 14C evidence of the Early Bronze Age from Jericho and other sites in the southern Levant as well as from Egypt for the ____Predynastic period and Dynasties 1-6 strongly challenges the current archaeo-historical time framework for these cultural and political periods. Most 14C dates overwhelmingly show that these periods are significantly older than currently accepted'. For Egypt, Radiocarbon Dates of Old and Middle Kingdom Monuments in Egypt' by G. Bonani, H. Haas et al (pp. 1297-1320)

Planet of the Greeks by Meres J. Weche (Book Review). C&C Review 2002:1 [Journals] [SIS Review]
... believes Narmer's reign ended at that time and the story of the Seth/Osiris conflict stems therefrom. He then makes connections with Byblos and thus Asia. Horus is now brought in, originally in Upper, now in Lower Egypt and Memphis. Weche distinguishes 2 Djosers: Netjerykhet following Narmer and Sinakhte Dynasty III. Djoser I, Khemetic, ____predynastic built the step pyramid. Imhotep his vizier; Seth's disciples, Ta-Seti were Nubian. II 3114-2730 There were pharaonic and dynastic, Horus the elder and child, Upper and Lower Egypt, African and Levantine, 2 Ptolemaic Periods, Classic now and conventional later. There is a detailed discussion of the relationship of Seth on one hand and

Child of Saturn (Part VI) [Journals] [Kronos]
... that these examples appear relatively late on the mythological scene would not hold much water. Phoenician goddesses are invariably depicted as bare breasted but wearing flounced skirts.(11) So also with the "fertility" statuettes, such as those found at Mari(12) and elsewhere in the Mesopotamian world. The so-called dancing figurines of the Egyptian ____predynastic period or Amratian culture are, likewise, clad in skirts and often portrayed with uplifted arms.(13) In fact, as far back as one wishes to go, even into the Stone Age, images of the Goddess will be found presented as fully rounded female figures, often with upraised or outstretched arms.(14)

A Reading of the Pyramid Texts [Journals] [Pensee]
... , suggests that when the celestial struggle had reached enough stability to allow for some kind of organized human government, this was carried out under the auspices of the planet that appeared victorious. Examination of skulls and other physical evidence has led to the conclusion that "another race in addition to that represented by the remains found in all reliably dated ____Predynastic graves occupied Egypt in Early Dynastic times." (D. E. Derry).1 These invaders may well have been the Followers of Horus which the Turin Canon interposes between Horus himself and Menes; there would then be the familiar spectacle of a horde identifying itself with a planet and carrying out invasions under its name.*

Thundergods and Thunderbolts [Journals] [Aeon]
... : "The concept of the thunderbird exists in Gran Chaco, in Ecuador, and among the Caribbeans on the northern coast of the continent. Its range indicates a more extensive presence in earlier times than is now the case." [6 ] The Egyptian Min offers an early example of the thundergod, his defining symbol appearing already on ____predynastic pottery and rock art tracing to the fourth millennium BCE. In addition to serving as a god of storm and war, Min also featured prominently as an agent of fertility. [7 ] The ancient Semitic thundergod Hadad/Adad, whose name is thought to be cognate with Arabic haddat, "thunder," was likewise represented as

Maya Cosmos: A Saturnian Interpretation (Part II) [Journals] [Aeon]
... was preserved in the mat symbol. Through millennia, the mat retained its divine significance, and this power was taken over by, and used to legitimise, the earthly rulers' authority. As an aside, the mat was important to another, even more ancient, culture - that of Egypt. As Marie Parsons relates: "From ____predynastic times as Petrie discovered, and probably earlier still, offerings were made to the gods and to deceased persons on small mats of woven reeds." [44] Mat designs appear on many Maya buildings. Shown in Figure 12 is one of the great plaster mats erected above a Popol Nah, or council house, at Waxaktun.

Society News [Journals] [SIS Review]
... that was Linear B. According to Bob Porter, Linear A is Semitic and not related to Luvian, which is an Indo-European language, so the Vinca people could have had a Semitic language. In 1912 Petrie wrote The Formation of the Alphabet. His ideas were rejected but there may be something in them because he noted that in the ____predynastic period there were certain potters' marks used which were very similar to later alphabetic signs. He noticed the same signs in a number of cultures and suggested they were either used symbolically or as a form of writing. John Crowe remarked that Hancock's Keeper of the Genesis does not explain why this ancient civilisation did not write anything inside the

Planet in Crisis: the Earth's Last 12,000 Years [Journals] [SIS Review]
... Sudan [100], the Nubian sector of which has had no continuous yearly rainfall since about 3,500BC [101]. Before then, in Neolithic (middle Holocene) times, the (currently bare) Red Sea Hills were well wooded and irrigated by rivers - now nearly all dry - well stocked with fish. Several distinct ____predynastic Egyptian cultures successfully availed themselves of those conditions [102]. As now known to us, much of the Saharan desert regime dates from only around the astonishingly recent datum of 5,000 years ago [103]. The desertification process developed unevenly, since a few oaks and cedars, which formerly dominated many Saharan districts, contrived

The Great Father [Books]
... and Researches into the Early History of Mankind; Frazer, The Golden Bough. In 1934 E.A. Wallis Budge published his From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, whose very title indicates the influence of the evolutionary theory on specialists. Budge writes (p.56): "Animism must have preceded the magical cults of the ____predynastic Egyptians, and it, in its turn, was succeeded by the cults of animals, birds, reptiles, trees, etc., which after animism formed the predominant part of the later religion of the Egyptians. The great merit and fact that it embraced a qualified totemism and fetishism and prepared the way for the higher classes of

The Hunting Or Blitzkrieg Theory [Journals] [Velikovskian]
... and Roman World, (1974), gives a full account of this period. This material was carefully summarized by Derek Wilson and Peter Ayerst in White Gold. "All the great civilizations of Asia and Europe prized elephant ivory. combs, knife handles, carved figures and other items revealing a high degree of skill have been found in ____predynastic (e.g., before c. 3,000 B.C.) Egyptian sites and there were ivory carving centres in Babylon at the same time. The large numbers of ivory objects found in royal tombs indicate beyond doubt that articles made from elephant tusks were status symbols eagerly coveted by the wealthy. Stylistic similarities suggest

An Integrated Model for an Earthwide Event at 2300 BC. Part II: The Climatological Evidence [Journals] [SIS Review]
... The inscriptions of Ankhtifi, whose writings have been dated to the beginning of the First Intermediate Period, include the following, "... at a time when the sky was (in) clouds/storm (igp) (was in a tumult?) and the land was in the wind" [81]. A ____predynastic cemetery was found to be denuded by wind action, which removed up to two metres of fairly resistant silt and exposed the burials, probably some time after the 6th Dynasty [82]. The amount of material that can be carried in dust storms is impressive. For example, reports state that the great dust storm of November 12-13